• Always use empathy in how you treat others. When you put yourself in their place, you have more options to treat them like you want to be treated.
• Be credible, always “mean what you say and say what you mean,” because you gain the reputation of being true to your word.
• Earn respect and then give it.
• You will become what you practice in life. So, choose wisely the habits that you acquire. If you practice being honest-you will be!
• Being responsible means learning to own your actions and accept the consequences when you make wrong decisions.
• Train yourself to have great work ethic. Always do more than is expected.
• Have perspective in life-differentiate between mountains and mole hills. Mole hills (little daily problems) are things you can solve and mountains(big problems)are the things that you need help with to cope and resolve.
• Don’t let anyone make you feel inferior.

Sincerely,

Chandrakala Dawadi

Science Teacher

Saraswati Secondary School

Contact no: 9848496008

A black hole is anything but an expanse. When a large amount of territory or celestial body gets squeezed into a sphere approximately with an area comparatively smaller than it, it forms a black hole. A black hole possesses gravitational force that is so intense that nothing can escape it- light, air, nothing. According to scientists, star creation in the early cosmos may have succeeded in very extensive stars that would have generated black holes of up to 103 solar masses after collapsing because no light can escape them; people can’t perceive black holes. They are indistinguishable. Space telescopes with specialized instruments can help find black holes.

Einstein’s theory of general relativity (1915) prognosticated the black holes, which showed that it omits a scanty, dense remnant centre when an extensive star dies. Einstein’s theory of relativity states if the core’s mass is more than approximately three times the mass of the Sun, the force of gravity conquers all other different discovered forces of the Universe and creates a black hole.

The equation is as follows:

R = GE

Believed to be the final, dying stage of inert and nonreactive stars with no radiation, black holes gained more recognition in 1974 when Stephen Hawking made the fundamental discovery that black holes emit thermal radiation.

Professor of Physics at the University of Sussex, Xavier Calmet, stated the following, “Our finding that Schwarzschild black holes have a pressure, as well as a temperature, is even more exciting given that it was a total surprise. I am delighted that the research that we are undertaking at the University of Sussex into quantum gravity has furthered the scientific community’s more widespread understanding of the nature of black holes. If you consider black holes within only general relativity, one can show that they have a singularity in their centers where the laws of physics as we know them must breakdown“.

Astronomers can’t observe black holes with polemoscopes that detect x-rays, light, or other forms of electromagnetic radioactivity. Whenever a black hole crosses through an interstellar cloud matter, it will bring matter inward in a method known as accretion.

The edge of the black hole is called the event horizon through which any light or matter gets engulfed. Miniature black holes are designated as “stellar-mass” black holes, whereas the bigger ones are denominated as “supermassive“. It is estimated that 1 million suns together form the mass of one black hole. Our galaxy is the Milky way and possesses a supermassive black hole at its center called the Sagittarius A. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Earth will not fall into a black hole because the sidereal system is not near any black hole. Though black holes are formed from stars and the Sun is a star, the Sun can nevermore turn into a black hole. The Sun is not huge enough to turn into a black hole.

The world is still far behind in black holes, but we can learn something new about them every day with modernisation and technology.

Psychologists and Psychiatrists both work for treating mental health conditions but are distinct in terms of profession and education. The only similarity is that they work with individuals struggling with any mental health disorders. Psychologists and Psychiatrists need to hold a legal license to treat any patient. Also, psychologists cannot prescribe medicines as they do not have any medical degree, but psychiatrists can.

How are Psychologists and Psychiatrists different?
Practice

Psychologists and Psychiatrists practice differently and treat patients differently.

Psychologists diagnose the mental health disorder via observation, surveys and interviews. They usually work in hospitals, private clinics, rehabilitation programs, nursing homes or psychiatric hospitals.

They specialize in different sectors: relationship/marriage counselling, business/organizational psychology, criminal psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, forensic psychology, health psychology, neuropsychology or social psychology. Each branch is specialized in treating a particular disorder an individual is diagnosed with. Psychologists usually treat patients through different types of therapies.

Psychiatrists diagnose mental health conditions through psychological tests, one-to-one evaluations and lab tests in some cases. They also work in hospitals, private clinics or psychiatric hospitals. Psychiatrists often prescribe psychotherapy alongside medications. In some cases, they also prescribe electroconvulsive therapy or light therapy.

Educational Qualification

Psychiatrists must obtain a degree from a medical school from the options below:

Doctor of medicine
Doctor of osteopathic medicine
They can also train under specialized areas such as:

Addiction medicine
Child psychiatry
Forensic psychiatry
Pain medicine
Psychologists must obtain a degree of doctoral-level and complete at least two years of training to become licensed psychologists. The degree depends on the specialisation an individual chooses to study, which they must choose during their post-graduation.

Specialisation includes:

Clinical Psychology
Forensic Psychology
Health Psychology
Organisational Psychology
Business Psychology
Criminal Psychology
Sports Psychology
In simple words, psychologists study the human mind and behaviour to help them overcome psychological disorders through different kinds of therapies. However, they focus more on strategising how an individual can handle the problems they face.

Psychiatrists also treat mental health conditions. You may consult a psychiatrist when an individual has a complex disorder that requires medication besides therapy. Psychiatrists hold a medical degree for which they will be able to understand the biological aspects of the disorder better and treat it accordingly.

The expenses of consulting any professional from the two sectors can be similar depending on the location and work experience of the professional.

If you wish to consult any of the one but require the other one, they will refer you to the best fit option